The World Happiness Report is a landmark survey of the state of global happiness. This is an analysis of the World Happiness Report from 2015-2017, looking at worldwide and region-wise trends in happiness score as well as patterns in the importance of the six factors of happiness in determining overall happiness in each country. Case study: bhutan 6. The Causes of Happiness and Misery 4. some Policy Implications r eferences to Chapters 1-4 ParT II 5. So far, our global ranking of cities' happiness has looked at a snapshot of happiness, taken as the average happiness across the period 2014 to 2018. Dystopia, by definition, is a community or a group of people or a place that is terrifying or unwanted. In this chapter, we provided the first-ever global ranking and analysis of cities' happiness. Dushanbe (Tajikistan) and Almaty (Kazakhstan) – two former Soviet republics located in Central Asia – are ranked second and fourth, respectively. (2017) "Happiness in the air: How does a dirty sky affect mental health and subjective well-being," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 85, 81-94, 2017. (Note: 2017 does not have a region column, so we can create one by joining the region data from another year’s dataset by country ID and filling in any missing cells manually). ↩︎, Note that the 'happiness' survey item is no longer available after 2012 so that the index is comprised of 'enjoyment' and 'smile or laugh' from 2012 onwards. Maracaibo and Caracas, the second largest city and the capital of Venezuela, are placed second and third from the bottom, respectively. [5] Cities account for about two-thirds of the world's energy consumption and for more than 70 per cent of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions. Naturally, the question arises how cities' happiness has changed over the years. Here, we cannot statistically distinguish it from the 45-degree line (F-test = 3.59). Of the 156 countries, India ranked 133 — a steady decline from 111 in 2013. If there is a strong positive linear correlation between two factors, we can say that if one factor is important in evaluating a country’s overall happiness, it is likely that the other factor is important as well. In line with the methodology of the World Happiness Reports, our main outcome is current life evaluation, obtained from the so-called Cantril ladder, which is an item asking respondents to imagine themselves on a ladder with steps numbered from zero at the bottom to ten at the top, where zero represents the worst possible and ten the best possible life. beginner , data visualization , exploratory data analysis , +1 more intermediate 18 This and other checks make it possible to integrate the Gallup US Poll data without the need for re-scaling.[16]. Casting an anchor, and continuously monitoring and benchmarking city dwellers' quality of life around the world, is also an important step towards implementing Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities. The World Happiness Report is a landmark survey of the state of global happiness. (2014), and Loschiavo (2019). India, World’s largest democracy, ranks 133 among 156 countries in World Happiness Index 2018 while the immediate neighbor Pakistan (75th) is the happiest country among the SAARC Nations. 16th annual meeting of the International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies. One way of testing this is to use country mean happiness scores to predict city rankings, and then to look for significant outliers. And there are some shocks in store. (Yay for Northern Europe! During the same time, the number of so-called mega cities– cities that have more than ten million inhabitants, most of which are l… In fact, employing well-being surveys allows to figure out the relative importance of different domains in shaping well-being, thus providing evidence-based guidance for policymakers on how to optimize the well-being of their populations. Figure 3.1 shows the complete list of cities according to how positively their inhabitants currently evaluate their lives on average. As with current life evaluation, New Delhi (India) scores rather low when it comes to the optimistic outlook of its inhabitants (ranked fifth from the bottom). Regions in gray do not have happiness data. The World Happiness Report 2016 Update, which ranks 156 countries by their happiness levels, was released in Rome in advance of UN World Happiness Day, March 20th. van Os, J., Kenis, G. and Rutten, B. P. F. (2010) "The environment and schizophrenia," Nature, 468, 203-212. van Praag, B. M. S., Romanov, D., and Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A. Many of them originate from Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as many regions in Africa. 2015 includes 158 countries. Clark, A. E., Flèche, Layard, S. R., Powdthavee, N., and Ward G. (2018) “The Origins of Happiness: The Science of Well-being Over the Life Course”, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. We find cities in areas that are in current or past conflict zones at the bottom in terms of positive affect. The values in these columns indicate how much each of the factors contributed to the overall happiness score for each country, i.e. how important they were. [23] The top ten cities in our global ranking in terms of change have experienced changes of 0.75 points or more. A lack of public transport infrastructure results in congestion and often hazardous pollution levels in inner cities. While the top ten feature many new faces, the bottom ten feature rather familiar ones: city dwellers in Kabul (Afghanistan), Gaza (Palestine), and Port-au-Prince (Haiti) – places torn by recent war, continuous armed conflict, and devastating natural catastrophes – are the least optimistic worldwide. ↩︎, We investigated whether there are systematic differences in responses to the Gallup World Poll and the Gallup US Poll surveying of the Cantril ladder. These are the six factors of happiness included in the survey. Krekel, C., Kolbe, J. and Wüstemann, H. (2016) "The greener, the happier? Krekel, C., and Kolbe, J. Create a Presentation Tip: Read through this document in its entirety before you begin. The Economist Intelligence Unit (2019), The Global Liveability Index, Online: http://www.eiu.com/topic/liveability?zid=liveability2019&utm_source=economist-daily-chart&utm_medium=link&utm_name=liveability2019, last accessed 12/12/2019. Deploying a diverse set of subjective well-being indicators, including evaluative measures such as current and future life evaluation as well as experiential measures such as positive and negative affect, our ranking paints an internally consistent image. Taken together, our methodological approach leads our ranking of cities' happiness to cover 186 cities across the globe. (2019) World Happiness Report, New York: UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network. Some cities have experienced significant positive changes in their citizens' happiness over the past decade: changes above 0.5 points in life evaluation, which is measured on a zero-to-ten scale, can be considered very large changes; a change of 0.5 points is approximately the change when finding gainful employment after a period of unemployment. It shows that people living in developed countries are more prone to infection of the Corona Virus than people living in less developed countries. They lie.” - Adrian’s unfounded hypothesis]. Allowing for an efficient division of labour, cities bring with them agglomeration and productivity benefits, inspiring new ideas and innovations, and the generation of higher incomes and living standards. Given the speed and scale of urbanisation, with all its benefits and challenges, how do city dwellers fare, on balance, when it comes to their subjective well-being? ↩︎, See, for example, White et al. For this, a stacked bar plot would be a useful visualization. https://www.kaggle.com/unsdsn/world-happiness#2019.csv Pandas is most powerful and efficient python library for data analysis. The main innovation in the World Happiness Report 2017 is our focus on the role of social factors in supporting happiness. In fact, places two, three, and five in terms of future life evaluation are populated by San Miguelito (Panama), San Jose (Costa Rica), and Panama City (Panama), whereas places four and ten are populated by Accra (Ghana) and Freetown (Sierra Leone). To do so we’re following the general procedure of extract, transform, load . Stockholm (Sweden) comes out ninth. Case study: oeCd World Happiness reporT edited by John Helliwell, richard layard and Jeffrey sachs 65409_Earth_Chapter1v2.indd 1 4/30/12 3:46 PM ↩︎, By referring to "all citizens", SDG 11 makes an explicit reference to being inclusive, which is an important point as evidence shows that urban amenities and disamenities are of differential importance for citizens with different socio-demographic characteristics (see Eibich et al. The survey is nationally representative of the resident population aged 15 and above in each country. To explore the factors that could be contributing to the score differences between world regions, let’s have a look at the six factors of happiness for each of these regions. Released by the UN, WHR is based on a Gallup survey where respondents are asked to rate their lives on a scale of 1 to 10, with 0 being the worst possible life. The World Happiness Report is a landmark survey of the state of global happiness. (ed), Global Happiness and Well-Being Policy Report. We’ll use the 2015 data. Here’s to the future! The darker the red, the higher the happiness score. On a global scale, has happiness in cities increased or decreased? (2016), for example). Australia & New Zealand, North America, and Western Europe have the highest average happiness scores. Dickerson, A., Hole, R. A., and Munford, L. A. About 4.2 billion people, more than half of the world's population (55.3 per cent), are living in urban areas today. The annual release of the United Nations World Happiness Report leads to much jubilation – and flagellation – around the globe. United Nations (2019), Cities – United Nations Sustainable Development Action 2015, Online: http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/cities/, last accessed 12/12/2019. (2011) ↩︎, See Graham and Lora (2009) and Rojas (2016) ↩︎, For example, see De Neve and Ward (2017), Clark et al. They often outperform their countries in terms of economic growth. The World Happiness Report 2019 has just been released. Thus, when contrasting the positive agglomeration and productivity benefits of urbanisation and urban amenities with its disadvantages due to disamenities such as congestion or pollution, it seems that, on balance, city dwellers fare slightly better than the remainder of the population, at least when it comes to current life evaluation as our measure of comparison. Then, we analyse whether and how cities' happiness has changed during the past decade, whether there exist significant differences between cities and their countries, and whether there are substantial happiness inequalities within cities relative to countries. There is so much information in this document! World Happiness Report Introduction Background Happiness ranked based on country Grouped based on 3 years: 2015, 2016, 2017 What impacts happiness Score? The first World Happiness Report was released on April 1, 2012 as a foundational text for the UN High Level Meeting: Well-being and Happiness: Defining a New Economic Paradigm, drawing international attention. Out of the 12 US cities that are included in the 2014-2018 World Poll, seven are also in the top ten list of cities that we obtain from the US Poll. I was hoping to be able to draw regression lines over each of the pair plots, but couldn’t figure out how. Many things, but one stands out. Led by Finland, the Scandinavian countries topped the charts. For the report, Gallup – which asks the “same questions, every time, in the same way” – asks the following question in an annual worldwide survey:“Please imagine a ladder with steps numbered from 0 at the bottom to 10 at the top. Our ranking is fundamentally different from existing rankings of cities in terms of quality of life, such as The Economist's Global Liveability Index, which ranks cities according to a summary score constructed from qualitative and quantitative indicators across five broad domains. On March 20th, the world celebrates the Interna t ional Day of Happiness. Everyone is affected by the state of the economy, especially since it holds direct sway over the availability and security of jobs and the flow of money. Document ‘HR17-Ch6_wAppendix.pdf‘ explores happiness at work: Happiness is typically defined by how people experience and evaluate their lives as a whole. Resolving the urban paradox: subjective well-being, education and the big city. High-income countries are considered those with a GNI per capita of $12,376 or more (World Bank, 2020). The seventh World Happiness Report has just been published to coincide with International Day of Happiness on March 20, 2019. Likewise, cities in Egypt (here Alexandria, which is ranked eighth from the bottom) are quite pessimistic places when it comes to the future, and so are cities located in Iran (Tehran, the capital, is ranked ninth and Mashhad is ranked tenth from the bottom). ↩︎, See, for example Luechinger (2009), Levinson (2012), Ferreira et al. However, this decrease is driven by very strong reductions in city happiness at the very bottom of our global ranking. Metcalfe, R., Powdthavee, N., and Dolan, P. (2011) "Destruction and Distress: Using a Quasi‐Experiment to Show the Effects of the September 11 Attacks on Mental Well‐Being in the Unit-ed Kingdom," Economic Journal, 121(550), 81-103. ↩︎, Included US cities are Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia, and Washington DC. Arguably, this makes it also a more democratic way of measuring their quality of lives. This is expected, since more economic stability and higher GDP per capita generally encourages stable and comfortable family life as well as increases the availability of proper medical resources and healthcare. (2018). The rankings of national happiness are based on a Cantril ladder survey. They are thus less prone to social narratives, comparisons, or issues of adaptation and anticipation. European Commission (2013) “Building a Green Infrastructure for Europe”, Brussels: Publications Office of the European Union. What stands out from this analysis, however, is that this difference is greater for city residents at the lower end of the well-being scale before it diminishes and often reverses at the top-end: residents of cities at the lower end are about 0.5 points happier than the average populations in their respective countries. By 2045, this figure is estimated to increase by 1.5 times, to more than six billion. These are places that have seen economically difficult times recently. The use of the Gallup World Poll and the Gallup US Poll is generously granted by Gallup, Inc. We received very helpful comments and suggestions from Lara Aknin, John Helliwell, and Richard Layard. The World Bank (2020) World Bank Country and Lending Groups, Online: http://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups, last accessed 13/01/2020. What does the World Happiness Report have to say on this matter? Promotion of quality of life in the changing world. In this multivariate regression, we find that life evaluation scores pre-2014 are highly significant, while expected future life evaluation scores pre-2014 are not significant. The impacts of (threat of) war, armed conflict, and terrorism on subjective well-being are well-documented in the literature.[21]. Impacts Variables: Country Questions Initial Q's Related to Happiness Impact What factor is most significant in impacting a Title Loschiavo, D., (2019) "Big-city life (dis)satisfaction? Cities are economic powerhouses: more than 80 per cent of worldwide GDP is generated within their boundaries. This is an analysis of the World Happiness Report from 2015-2017, looking at worldwide and region-wise trends in happiness score as well as patterns in the importance of the six factors of happiness in determining overall happiness in each country. The World Happiness Report is an annual publication of the United Nations Sustainable … Frey, B. S., Luechinger, S., and Stutzer, A. Bertram, C., Goebel, J., Krekel, C., and Rehdanz, K. (2020) "Urban Land Use Fragmentation and Human Wellbeing," Kiel Working Papers, 2147. De Neve, J.-E., and Ward, G. (2017) "Happiness at Work," in: Helliwell, J., Layard, R. and Sachs, J. Figure A1 in Appendix replicates Figure 3.1, but reports on expected future rather than current life evaluation. Start Power BI Desktop and feel free to sign up or click the Already have a Power BI account link below the registration form. There are very few countries whose scores decreased significantly, and fewer still whose scores increased significantly. The World Happiness Report 2019 has just been released. Just from these boxplots, we can tell that the average happiness scores across world regions don’t change very much from 2015-2017. This global difference amounts to, on average, 0.2 points on the zero-to-ten life evaluation scale. Is there predictive power from these self-predicted future scores? The generally high level of affective well-being in the region is well-documented in the literature[22] and may be due to, for example, stronger family relationships, social capital, and culture-related factors. I’ve indicated these remarks using square brackets []. Although most cities at the bottom are located in some of the least developed countries worldwide, mostly in Africa and the Middle East (with India as a notable exception), they are distinct from other less developed countries around the world by having experienced recent histories of war (Kabul in Afghanistan and Sanaa in Yemen, which are at the very bottom of our global ranking); continuous armed conflict (Gaza in Palestine, which comes third from the bottom); civil war (Juba in South Sudan comes fifth, Bangui in the Central African Republic ninth); political instability (Cairo in Egypt comes tenth from the bottom); or devastating natural catastrophes with long-run impacts (Port-au-Prince in Haiti comes fourth from the bottom). As before, the 45-degree line indicates the points at which there is no difference between the standard deviation in country and city happiness scores. I would also hypothesize that these three factors–Economy, Family, and Health–tend to be particularly important because they directly affect individuals living in these countries. On average, there has been a decrease in mean city happiness over the past decade. Comparing the top four to the bottom four countries, average incomes are 40 times higher, healthy The most optimistic outlook is found in Tashkent (Uzbekistan). At the same time, however, cities create negative externalities such as urban sprawl, crime, congestion, and often hazardous pollution levels. Extracting the data. Thus, more than half of the top ten cities worldwide according to how positively their inhabitants currently evaluate their lives are located in Scandinavia. Yet, there are significant differences to other rankings relying on pre-defined dimensions of quality of life. From well being to being well: An analysis of Happiness Report. We argue that this is precisely their advantage. Studying these differences about what matters most for city residents' quality of life is—besides a continuous monitoring and benchmarking of cities' happiness around the world—an important next step. (2013), Ambrey et al. These averages did not change very much from 2015-2017. Rojas, M. (2016) “Handbook of Happiness Research in Latin America”, Berlin: Springer. Happiness is a difficult term to define as it varies from individual to individual. Ambrey, C. L., Fleming, C. M. and Chan, A. Y.-C. (2014a) "Estimating the cost of air pollution in South East Queensland: An application of the life satisfaction non-market valuation approach," Ecological Economics, 97, 172-181. It includes at least 1,000 observations per country per year, covering both urban and rural areas, with a tendency to oversample major cities. Graham, C., and Lora, E. (2009) “Paradox and Perception: Measuring Quality of Life in Latin America”, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution/Inter-American Development Bank. About 4.2 billion people, more than half of the world's population (55.3 per cent), are living in urban areas today. In 2018, there were 548, and in 2030, a projected 706 cities will have at least one million inhabitants. In what follows, we first describe the methodology behind our ranking and present our findings on cities' happiness around the world. Krekel, C., Ward, G., and De Neve, J.-E. (2018) "Work and Well-being: A Global Perspective," in: Sachs, J. It is released by the Sustainable Development Solutions Network for the United Nations by the UN General Assembly. During the same time, the number of so-called mega cities – cities that have more than ten million inhabitants, most of which are located in the Global South – is expected to increase from 33 to 43, with the fastest growth in Asia and Africa. [25] Figures 3.4 and 3.5 illustrate these different slopes at different levels of economic development: for low-income city-country pairs we can confidently reject the hypothesis that the line of best fit shown in Figure 3.4 is the same as the 45-degree line (F-test = 35.72). Let’s look at how happiness scores changed for each country over time. To increase sample size for the US, we complement the data with the Gallup US Poll, a survey which sampled US adults aged 18 and above nationwide between 2008 and 2017. Analysis of the World Happiness Report. The three datasets used in this analysis are available on Kaggle. Tradeoffs between happiness and the other dimensions of life in a large population survey," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 139, 60-73. Other cities that have seen large decreases are Pristina (Kosovo), Sanaa (Yemen), and Kabul (Afghanistan), which come fifth, sixth, and seventh from the bottom, respectively. (2009) "The life satisfaction approach to valuing public goods: The case of terrorism," Public Choice, 138, 317-345. Markus Korhonen examines how the scores were put together – and the value of measuring happiness in the first place. Consequently, these are very concrete factors and therefore have more influence on the happiness score gauged by individuals. ↩︎, For example, see Frey et al. We also compare our findings with those on positive and negative affect on a day-to-day basis, which are experiential measures, in the follow-up discussion section. Figure A2 in the Appendix replicates our global ranking of city happiness for positive affect, Figure A3 for negative affect. Somewhat surprising is the large number of Turkish city dwellers reporting low positive affect, including people living in Ankara, Istanbul, and Izmir. United Nations (2018) The World's Cities in 2018: Data Booklet, New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Sanaa in Yemen, another war-torn city, is ranked sixth, whereas Beirut in Lebanon (bordering Syria) is ranked fourth from the bottom. (2017) on urban land use). Note that since the Gallup World Poll is nationally representative, it is unlikely that self-selection of survey respondents who are exceptionally happy are driving our results. (2007, 2009), van Praag et al. Suppose w… World Happiness Analysis Clementine Chou November 3, 2017. Following Morrison, we split the sample into high-income and low-income countries in order to get a better sense for the different slopes in the relationship between city residents' happiness and their respective country average happiness. [15] It included at least 500 observations per day and, importantly, asked respondents a similar set of questions as does the Gallup World Poll. Yet to some extent this finding mirrors our finding on expected future life evaluation: city dwellers in the Latin American and Caribbean region are not only looking more optimistically into the future than their current levels of life evaluation would predict, but also report higher levels of momentary happiness and joy. Which cities around the world promote a higher well-being amongst their inhabitants than others, conditional on the same development level? To ensure that it is appropriate to merge the data coming from different surveys, we calculated the 2014-2018 average current life evaluation score for the Gallup US Poll and the World Poll, and found them to be almost identical: 6.96 for the US Poll and 6.97 for the World Poll. world happiness report about 80% of these inter-country differences can be attributed to the same few variables measuring the material, social and institutional supports for a good life. And there are some shocks in store. Note: There are some gratuitous remarks made about the data in this report by my friend, Adrian. We are not relying on a limited number of objective dimensions of quality of life, often defined ex-ante according to what researchers (or policy-makers) consider important. According to Gallup's world happiness report of 2020 65% public of Pakistan are happy with their lives. The purpose of this project is to exercise and demonstrate acquired abilities. Today, Tokyo (37.4 million), New Delhi (28.5 million), and Shanghai (25.6 million inhabitants) are the most populous cities worldwide.[2]. As can be seen in Figure 3.1, the top ten are clearly dominated by Scandinavian cities: Helsinki (Finland) and Aarhus (Denmark) are ranked first and second, Copenhagen (Denmark), Bergen (Norway), and Oslo (Norway) fifth, sixth, and seventh. I performed Data Analysis on COVID 19 dataset by John Hopkins University and World Happiness Report and found really interesting results. The United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network has published the 2019 World Happiness Report. Document ‘HR17.PDF‘ is the main report. This pairs plot compares the importance of each of the six factors of happiness to each of the others. Introduction. (2020, forthcoming) "New Ways of Valuing Ecosystem Services: Big Data, Machine Learning, and the Value of Urban Green Spaces," in: Ruth, M. (ed), Research Agenda for Environmental Economics, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. The underlying problem is that happiness is a difficult thing to measure. Kenneth Tay - Instructor Adrian Liu - Moral Support and Witticisms FloMo Dining Hall - Carbohydrates and Proteins. It presents our global ranking of cities according to how positively their inhabitants evaluate their expected future lives, as raw means. Its dataset, named “Chapter 2: … The World Happiness Report is a publication of the Sustainable Development Solutions Network, powered by data from the Gallup World Poll, and supported by the Ernesto Illy Foundation, illycaffè, Davines Group, Blue Chip Foundation, the William, Jeff, and Jennifer Gross Family Foundation, and Unilever’s largest ice cream brand Wall’s. When it comes to the worldwide top ten in terms of positive affect, we find that six out of ten cities originate from the Latin American and Caribbean region. Should the person who is looking at this analysis have any questions or suggestions, do not hesitate to contact me. They are more likely to be in professional and service jobs, and less likely to have kids. If we were to exclude Maseru (Lesotho), Maracaibo and Caracas (both Venezuela), Sanaa (Yemen), Kabul (Afghanistan), and Gaza (Palestine) – cities which have been facing exceptional challenges – from our global ranking, we could say that happiness in cities worldwide has increased in recent years. Gallup Pakistan has led The Finish. WORLD HAPPINESS REPORT about 80% of these inter-country differences can be attributed to the same few variables measuring the material, social and institutional supports for a good life. ‘ the Key Determinants of happiness 3.3 suggests, residents of cities are less clustered geographically, but reports the... Europe have the highest average happiness of each of the state of global happiness [. On residential well-being, education and the big city paradox: subjective well-being, '' Psychological Science, (. Somewhat happier than the mean happiness scores by country and World regions generally tended to be quite interesting and! 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( 2016 ) `` Big-city life ( dis ) satisfaction jubilation – and the Caribbean, as raw.! Misery ‘ to be quite interesting update Report changed my mind ( sort of.. Since the ranking was first compiled in 2012, Scandinavian countries have dominated the top observations Los! Report heraus und seitdem wurde, mit Ausnahme des Jahres 2014, jährlich ein neuer Report erstellt,... The two most important factors of happiness Applied Machine Learning Course ( 1. Might criticise our ranking and present our findings on cities ' happiness around the World doesn’t seem to happy... Make causal claims about the data Overview on Kaggle Clementine Chou November 3,.! This document in its entirety before you begin significant outliers on negative affect on! And Misery ‘ to be in Europe, or Central Asia were put together – and Caribbean. Providing the first global ranking, Handbook of Eudaimonic well-being, education the... Adaptation and anticipation and South America, and in 2030, a in 2018, earlier! 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